BIOGAS

                       BIOGAS

Biogas is the mixture of gases. 

Major component in biogas are methane gas(75%).

Other gases are CO2, H2S. 

Methanobacterium are the methanogens. 

Methanobacterium is a anaerobic bacteria they use to produce methane gas. 

Methanobacterium found in rumen ( part of cattle stomach). 

Function of Methanobacterium :

 1. Digestion of cellulose. 

2. Play an imp. role in the nutrition of              cattle. 

In dung of cattle present a large amount of Methanobacterium. 

This is the reason to mix the dung of cattle in production of biogas. 

IARI - Indian agricultural research                            institute.

KVIC -  Khadi and village industries                           commission. 

MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

This municipal waste water is called sewage. 

Major component of waste water is human excreta. 

For a sewage less polluting to make sewage treatment plants (STPs).

This treatment carried out in two stages :

1.  Primary treatment 

2.  Secondary treatment 

1.  Primary treatment

First process in primary treatment called filteration. 

Second process in primary treatment called Sedimentation. 

Fresh floating water removed by sequential filteration (effluent) . 

And some particles are settled down called primary sludge. This process called Sedimentation. 

2.  Secondary treatment or biological                treatment 

Involvment of living microbes. 

Flocs -   association of bacteria and fungus filament. 

The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tank. 

In aeration tank is presence of air/O2. 

Due to the availability of air or oxygen microbes(Flocs) growth easily. 

Oxygen increase - flocs increase 

Function of flocs :  Oxidise the organic matter present in the sewage. 

Flocs need and demand of oxygen. 

BOD :   Biochemical oxygen demand. 

BOD -  the amount of oxygen consumed                   by  the microbes (flocs) to Oxidise 

             1 litre of organic matter. 

    Secondary treatment continously untill         BOD is reduced. 

    Flocs again passed on aeration tank            from the settling tank and they act as          inoculum. This flocs called activated          sludge. 

     The effluent passes through a large             tank called anaerobic sludge digester. 

     Growth of bacteria in absence of                 oxygen in anaerobic sludge. 

      

     Remaining flocs will be dead. 

   Example of anaerobic bacteria :                   methanogens

 

 Methanogens purify and clean the water. 

And produced some gases such as methane, CO2, hydrogen sulphide.

Some steps started from the government

1. GAP - Ganga action plan.

2.  YAP - Yammuna action plan. 

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

MICROBES - The microorganisms that cannot be seen by naked eyes.

IN EXTREME CONDITION - 100°c

Ex- archaebacteria.

     Deep inside the soil 

      Acid and base

Microbes are bacteria, virus, bacteriophages, fungus, viroids, and prions-  proteinaceous infection agent

             Ex - mad cow disease

Microbes like bacteria and many fungi can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies. 

MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS

Lactobacillus and some other LAB.

Function - Milk convert into curd.

1. Lactic acid bacteria digested the      protein of milk.

2. Coagulate the milk protein. 

3. Increased the amount of vitamin B12. 

4. Bacteria keep a check on other                    diseases causing microbes. 

BREAD AND BEER 

Bread -  Saccharomyces cerevisiae                            ( baker's yeast) 

It is responsible to produce large amounts of CO2 gas due to this its fluffy. 

Toddy  -  sap of palm (famous drink of                         southern india).

Ex. -  1.  Swiss cheese -                propionibacterium sharmaii.

       

         2.  Raquefort cheese - ripping by the                specific fungus Penicillium                             roquefortii. 

MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS 

Production on a industrial scale, requires growing microbes in very large vessels called fermentors. 

Fermented Beverage 

Yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisae

This is also called Bewer's yeast.

Beer, whisky, brandy, rum and wine.

Bewer's yeast is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruits juice to produce ethanol. 

BEERS, WINE - produced without                                            distillation.

WHISKY, BRANDY, & RUM -   produced with distillation of fermented broth.

ANTIBIOTICS

First antibiotics are penicillin.

Pencillin produce by fungus penicillin notatum.

Anti- against.       Biotics - microbes

Penicillin discovered by Alexander fleming in 1928.

It is also called chance discovery. 

Penicillin chemical stop the bacteria growth. 

Ernest chain and Howard florey was established effective use of antibiotic.

Penicillin extremely used in world war 2

to treatment of American soilders.

In 1945  - All these three scientists got                         noble prize. 

ART ( Assisted reproductive technology)

ART (Assisted reproductive technology) 

IVF- In vitro, In vivo 

1. IN - VITRO( outside fertilisation) 

If couples which form gamate but not able to fusion. 

Male and female gamate fuse in external environment. Which is similar to the female body. 

It commonly known as test - tube baby programme. 

Upto 8 cell stages (morulla) the embryo is transfer into fallopian tube called ZIFT. 

ZIFT -  Zygote intra - fallopian transfer 

Between 16 to 32 cell stages the embryo is transferred into uterus called IUT. 

IUT-  Intra - uterine transfer. 

IN- VIVO(inside fertilisation) 

Donate gamates inside the female body called GIFT. 

GIFT - Gamate intra - fallopian transfer. 

Low sperm count -  AI (Artificial insemination). 

1. ICSI - Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection. 

2. IUI - Intra uterine insemination. 

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs)

AIDs ( Aquired immune deficiency)

1. It causes by HIV virus. 

2.HIV has belong to retrovirus. 

3. It has single standard RNA. 

4. HIV virus attack on microphages. 

HEPATITIS - B

1. It causes by HBV ( hepatites - B virus). 

2. It has double standard DNA. 

SYMPTOMS 

Increases bde pigment,  Nausia, vomitting, dark coloured wastage, jointpain. 

SYPHILLIS

1. It causes by bacteria Trephonema pattidum. 

SYMPTOMS 

Mostly affect gentalia, fever, mental disorder. 

GONORRHOEA 

1. It causes by Neisseria Gonorrhoea bacteria. 

SYMPTOMS 

Inflamation, burning sensat, joint pain, sterility. 

GENITAL HERPS

1. It causes by herps simplex virus.

SYMPTOMS 

Lips and mouth inflection. 

GENITAL WARTS

1. It causes by human papromovirus. 

SYMPTOMS 

Tomours, cancers, cervical dysposia. 

CHEMICALS, ENZYMES AND BIOACTIVE MOLECULES.

CHEMICALS, ENZYMES AND BIOACTIVE MOLECULES.

CHEMICALS  PRODUCES BY MICROBES:

BACTERIA :

 

1.    Clostridium butylicum -   Butyric acid

 

2.    Lactobacillus.            -      Lactic acid                                                          ( milk- curd

 

3.    Acetobacter aceti.     -     Acetic acid 

      (Use in vinegar as a preservative) 

  FUNGUS  :         

4.    Aspergillus niger          -   Citric acid  

       (Use in drinks and healthy for skin)

BIOACTIVE MOLECULES PRODUCES BY MICROBES 

1. Streptococcus bacteria -  Streptokinase

   ( Use in brust the clot of myocardial              patients) 

2. Trichoderma polysporum - Cyclosporin         ( Used as an immunosuppressive                  agent in organ - transplant patients) 

3.   Monascus purpureus  -  Statines                 ( Use as blood cholesterol lowering              agent. Completely inhibits the                      cholesterol  synthesis enzymes)        

  ENZYMES :

1.  Lipase  -  Use in formation of                         detergents. 

 

2.  Pectinase and proteases  -  digest the         protein ( in packet juice). 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOLLEN'S TEST AND FEHLING'S TEST

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOLLEN'S TEST AND FEHLING'S TEST

TOLLEN'S TEST :

1- Tollen's reagent are Ammoniated Silver      Nitrate.

2-  Reaction with Aliphatic and Aromatic          aldehyde only.

3-  ketones do not react. Because ketones       react with tollen's reagent don't form           silver mirror. 

4-  Tollen's reagent is a strong mild                    oxidizer. 

5-  Tollen's test produce a silver mirror. So, 

     It is also called Silver mirror test. 

FEHLING'S TEST :

1-  Fehling's reagent comprises of two             solution aq. Copper sulphate and                 Sodium Pottasium Tartarate (Rochelle         salt). 

2-  Reaction with Aliphatic aldehyde only. 

3-  Aromatic aldehyde and ketones do not       react. 

4-  When fehling's reagent react aliphatic          aldehyde give a raddish brown                     precipitate. 

5-  Fehling's reagent are mild oxidizer.